[131], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. % Under his successors in the seventeenth century, more of the subcontinent is incorporated into the Mughal empire as the rulers of the Deccan are finally conquered and become Delhi's feudatories." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. The Persian and Arabic language mixed with hindi grammar, thus the development of, The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. I was happy with the purchase. is useful as homework, test review or substitute teacher lesson. yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that believes in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation. [43] He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. Buddhism: This belief system originated in ancient India and was the dominant religion in several land-based empires in Asia, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Tibetan Empire (618-841). In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. Babur had the expertise of his commander Ustad Ali Quli . Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. 14.Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? |IYdw -Q6aITxd&ku/j{?^e~^yg6.rJynr>*[]=z}ZDc He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. Terms and Conditions Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. [148], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (15511621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. Gunpowder Empires DBQ Sample. The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. [82], The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor Akbar. This product is the work of All Things History Lesson Plans. The effectiveness of military conquest for destroying political structures is also demonstrated in Document 6, an account of a battle in Sudan that demonstrates the awesome firepower of machine guns to leave the Sudanese fighters in tangled heaps. Although the document, written by the British Churchill, might provide a glorified account of the battle that exaggerates the British advantage, the fact that Churchill expected their weapon technology would automatically give victory is indicated in the disbelieving sentence: It appeared to our cavalry commander that the [Sudanese fighters] would actually succeed.. [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. Also both empires had a form of Bureaucracies. 19 0 obj x[K#0M600#0`!X!N\SU,EvYI->U_}:eoON6)?+?y&xg>?i`?>?OG|2MB.r}~~t2/aKs4Svvn;nE)'~tW}9e}p|b1('NjVf>E]*[hX?/mvRyDk8$@GQb? Overall, the empire-building processes of conquest, colonization, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power over territories. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 11 0 obj [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. . This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. [80] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. [105] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. endobj the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. endobj <> H<19,z_!y;"uYX"5t'iiI32~cb(i(Y`3k-]|"-)GYL/?-w(\H {>0hcZ#C(a A French physician describes the emperors practice of nourish[ing] jealousies among the local rajahs, many of whom commanded armies larger than those of the emperor, to distract the rajahs from ever threatening his power. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Long Answers Type Question 1. 2 0 obj [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). These rockets turned fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, particularly during the Battle of Pollilur. [133], The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Later emperors showed little desire to govern or to invest their money in agriculture, technology, or the military. `Sc!ul The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. When was the First attack of Babur in India? The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.[185][186]. <> [179]Fathullah Shirazi (c.1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). Practice sourcing with HIPP acronym using documents from the 2019 DBQ and write body paragraphs with a pair of documents to include sourcing (identifying point of view, purpose, historical situation, . He established a form of delegated government in which the provincial governors were personally responsible to him for the quality of government in their territory. %%EOF <> "[30], Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire,[31] which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army). [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called Yantra Mandirs, in order to rival Ulugh Beg's Samarkand observatory, and in order to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the Siddhantas and Islamic observations in Zij-i-Sultani. {yC, be . 1 0 obj Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance can be seen in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires. Rose through Religious tolerance, meritocracy in military, Commerce. The Rajput confederacy, however, under Rana Sanga of Mewar threatened to revive their power in northern India. The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each suba had its own bakhshi, sadr as-sudr, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the subahdar. Birth Year: 1542. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. Evaluate the extent to which the processes of empire-building affected political structures in the period 15001900. He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. Begin grouping the documents into categories that you can use to help organize your essay. Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. This DBQ has been updated with a page outlining the English Language Arts/History/Social Studies grades 9-10 as outline at http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10 and http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12. Fatehpur Sikri is a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic architecture. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . stream W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghaghara, near Varanasi. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture", "14. The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles in order to expand cultivation and brought Sufis to open the jungles to farming. All rights reserved. G`dN4$Cz.7r [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. Document 1. 2 0 obj Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV Reaching Iran in 1544, Humyn was granted military aid by Shah ahmsp and went on to conquer Kandahr (1545) and to seize Kabul three times from his own disloyal brother, Kmrn, the final time being in 1550. endobj In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography - the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps not created. Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire. Gender: Male. [89], The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. [144] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[144] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people, Lahore (in Lahore Subah) with up to 700,000 people,[149] Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people,[150][full citation needed] and Delhi (in Delhi Subah) with over 600,000 people. <> In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. [;if]4pbN(D520Bh20MM%>E+K~9Gx1#+!|'M-+C9@) Y8,ZDaU3xY8gPf %-Gc1oX4UTu#kBfd)rOhq$1,9Y!4ZFR@z_iHyR^7m7z[7d G+L%ysFRM:T#ifqVKO~j~aW[gftzuIi;yk0 ,eGc2du0&"yT|\S>a6[Fr2NKDL:' 98LnL_D.G#-^ufq^ !XP`ejHXx@b+'T&>!)>`\r Taking advantage of civil wars among the descendants of Shr Shah, Humyn captured Lahore in February 1555, and, after defeating Sikandar Sr, the rebel Afghan governor of the Punjab, at Sirhind, he recovered Delhi and Agra that July. 3 0 obj [51] His reign ushered in the golden age of Mughal architecture. [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. stream Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> After a crushing defeat in the war of 18571858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. He increased trade with European trading companies. The Mughal qadi was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred the... India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the century! 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