Within hours, the British had ordered everybody in the centre of the village to pack their belongings and leave. She told a British post-war trial: When my interrogators could not get any information out of me they dragged my husband from Outram Prison, tied him up and made him kneel beside me. Hayward concluded, however, that "there was not a shred of evidence to support these allegations". 2016 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. You decide for Your self how deep into the topic you want to go. Photograph of Genevieve Danelle and Roger Calame. Translated from German (published 2011). WebThe three women were among seven people who took the witness stand yesterday to testify against Barbie, the former head of the Gestapo in [Paris] during the Nazi occupation of Having lived in the Market Garden area for 25 years, he has been studying the events for nearly as long. In fear of giving in on the torture and exposing other freedom fighters the gave their lives to protect and secure others. At the entrance at Veiten 3 You can enter the museum by elevator. "had the eyes of a monster. Arrested with Josef Kramer - the Beast of Belsen - Grese was sentenced to death by the British Military Court and, in December 1945, she was hanged. A Malaysian resistance member, Catholic mother Sylvia Kathigasu, gave evidence at a British War Crimes trial in 1946. The commanding officer was Robin "Tin Eye" Stephens, 45, a monocled colonel of the Peshawar Division of the Indian Army who had been seconded to MI5 in 1939, and who had commanded Camp 020, a detention centre in Surrey where German spies had been interrogated during the war. They were hired as part of SS leader Heinrich Himmlers plan to transform the, The Gestapos mission was to investigate and combat all attempts to threaten the state.. View the list of all donors. Want to see Traveling by car you can park in Klostergarasjen, with its exit right next to the museum and famous Bergen piazza Torvalmenningen. This meant that no other institution (including the courts) could overrule the Gestapos decisions. The forgotten female WWII-era spy who stayed silent under gruesome Nazi torture Odette Sansom was the first woman to receive the UKs second-highest honor for courage under fire. The victims were mainly Chinese but Westerners were also rounded up when Japan entered the war. Initially, there were two main obstacles: These two obstacles limited how Hitler and the Nazi regime could legally use the political police. This process took several years. The former librarian, from Dresden, was a keen horsewoman who used stolen cash from prisoners to build an indoor riding arena at the Buchenwald camp, which housed 20,000 slave labourers. on June 6, 1944, the day Allied troops landed Today, the institution and its political policemen are symbols of authoritarian policing. A series of explosions entombed them behind thousands of tons of rock and rubble. in it.". The archives reveal that three months later a custom-built interrogation centre, with cells for 30 men and 10 women, was opened near to the British military base at Gtersloh. Gestapo agents had the power to determine peoples fates. "If ever a man showed fear - he did," Morgan-Jones declared. Former student leader Ali Afshari and human rights lawyer Mehrangiz Kar both spent time at the facility where two Iranian-American scholars are now detained. The new Nazi regime intended to use Germanys political police to accomplish these goals. He endured 600 hours of torture before the charges were dropped. Techniques such as sleep deprivation and various forms of harassment were also used as investigative methods. They were hired as part of SS leader Heinrich Himmlers plan to transform the police system into an ideologically-driven institution. cell and deported to Ravensbruck They remained subordinate to various state and local governments. WebLONDON, October 29 (Special).So vicious were the methods of the Gestapo at a German torture camp in Holland that even Hitler himself was shocked. but it was him who sent us there.". One of the Gestapos main Giant centrifuges were built to test how much G-force the body could take. as Jews and Resistance fighters, When Frank Pakenham complained that most of the interrogators had been at Bad Nenndorf, and demanded that "drastic methods" should not be employed, Major-General Sir Brian Robertson, the military governor, put his foot down. deporting them to Nazi death camps. : 1900 - 1954), STORY OF HOW GESTAPO TORTURED TO DEATH HUNDREDS OF BELGIANS IN CONVERTED FORT, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91405494, create private tags and comments, readable only by you, and. WebThe Kempeitai had developed their own special forms of torture and even published an interrogators handbook. We tend to use the saying If the walls could talk. This made it easier for the police to investigate, interrogate, and arrest political opponents. Lesevre, who belonged to a resistance RIDING through the grounds of Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany, Ilse Koch spotted a tattooed prisoner and pointed him out to a nearby guard - sealing his gruesome fate. This man had weighed a little over six stones (38kg) on admission five weeks earlier, and "was still a figure which may well have been one of the Belsen inmates". There was also what the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Frank Pakenham, later to become Lord Longford, described as "the fact that we are alleged to have treated internees in a manner reminiscent of the German concentration camps". On one occasion, she selected 1,100 of 1,400 prisoners present to be sent to their deaths. weeks trying to learn if Lesevre was Found guilty by a British Military Tribunal, she was sentenced to death and hanged on December 13 1945, aged 52. Lagrange and her parents were taken She then ordered her dog, known as the big, bad, wolfhound to attack the sick girl, who was sitting on the ground, She later died from the bites. Grese, who was passing on a bicycle, immediately got off, took off her leather belt and beat the woman with it. The groups targeted by the Gestapo shifted with the regimes policies and priorities. Hitler and other Nazi leaders planned to establish a dictatorship. ).-A Scottish infantryman has related one of the grimmest stories of. Other witnesses said she beat women to death with wooden sticks and shot at women who were too slow when carrying heavy containers of food. He has a deep understanding of the history and a passion for sharing the stories of the men who are no longer with us. I put up an enormous fight but he just dragged me to the bedroom. Manned by Japanese scientists, up to 12,000 PoWs, women and children are believed to have been murdered there. Another, admitted as Morice Marcellini, a 27-year-old Frenchman, later transpired to be Alexander Kalkowski, a captain in the Soviet secret police, the NKVD. Even today, the Foreign Office is refusing to release photographs taken of some of the "living skeletons" on their release. If you close the cell door behind You and light up the walls with a available flashlight at sight, You can take a close look at the incisions. In the first two years of the Nazi regime, the Gestapo did not focus on policing Germanys Jewish population. The Gestapos Jewish Departments also kept track of Jewish emigration. is Didier?" That Dr Jordan complained to his superiors that eight men who had been transferred from the same prison "were all suffering gross malnutrition one in my opinion dying". Political police forces protect a state or government from subversion, sabotage, or coup. WebLONDON, Sat: Marks of hundreds of clutching fingers on the sound-proof wall of a torture chamber tell a tale of agony, of men and women victims of the Gestapo in a Paris suburb, says the British United Press correspondent in Paris. Limbs were amputated, frozen and then re-attached to different parts of the body to study the effects of gangrene on live tissue. The museum is suitable for young people over 13 years. Austrian Maria Mandl was one of the most notorious SS officers at Auschwitz, where she personally sent over 500,000 female prisoners to the gas chamber. The museum guides are ready to answer questions and are happy to elaborate. The closure of Bad Nenndorf was not the end of the story, however. At her 1945 trial, survivor Dora Silverberg testified that Juana knocked her teeth out when she reported that her friend was very sick and couldnt walk to the working site because she was so weak. him. began the march arrived alive. Even diplomats were not safe. But the few that took pleasure from the horrors within the walls of the camps proved the female of the species really can be deadlier than the male. The reasons for such subterfuge are made clear in declassified Foreign Office papers at the National Archives. allusion to the torture chambers. When moving about the prison they were expected to run, while soldiers kicked them. were Barbie's main questions, He had been so severely beaten during his arrest in January 1947 that he was unconscious on arrival at the prison, and died shortly afterwards. The core of the Gestapo museum is the prison cells with incisions covering the walls from the floor to the ceiling. The Gestapo did arrest some Jews in 1933 and 1934. Throughout France, the Gestapo worked in conjunction with and were assisted by the Milice Francaise (French Militia), more commonly referred to as the Milice. cuffs with spikes inside them and It was common for Gestapo officers to beat detainees in custody. Ackermann, who delivered the lamp, said that its base was made from a human foot and shinbone and the shade had tattoos and even nipples. This included policing the. WebThe media is full of Senator Dianne Feinsteins report on enhanced interrogation tactics used by the CIA after 9/11, in particular waterboarding, which the Senator has defined as torture. Please. Bolivia to France was illegal. Barbie, 73, is on trial in Lyon, accused For instance, Heinrich Mller had worked for the police in Munich since 1919. The Kempeitai had developed their own special forms of torture and even published an interrogators handbook. Stephens was eventually court martialled behind closed doors. She also personally hanged young female prisoners and beat two women to death with a leather whip. At the time of the Japanese takeover of the International Settlement in Shanghai in 1941, there were about 6,000 British and 1,300 Americans living in the city, mostly businessmen, bankers or journalists and their families. "When we said we did not know, a chair and struck her on the back They pursued denunciations from the public. center near Paris and on to concentration These behaviors included everything from organized political opposition to individual critical remarks about the Nazis. Barbie say finally, "Liquidate her. She said Barbie spent almost three It was claimed that she beat women inmates to death and whipped others to within an inch of their lives using a plaited cellophane whip, a belt and a walking stick. She will hope against hope that he can be redeemed from the evil of his new life and restored to his mothers company. But I wasn't The Belsen Trial heard that she beat an 18-year-old girl for eating peelings in the kitchen and, when others protested, she told them, "I will beat her to death." the end everybody talks.'" He weighed a little over eight stones, and complained that he had been severely beaten and forced to spend eight hours a day in a cold bath. To create this, they had to reform the existing decentralized police system. "A German officer told me to embrace The most important of these was the Reichstag Fire Decree. WebOfficial documents discovered last month at the National Archives at Kew, south-west London, show that the London Cage was a secret torture centre where German But not all Gestapo agents were longtime policemen. Nevertheless, political policemen were active during the Weimar Republic. As Hector McNeill, foreign minister, pointed out in a memo to Ernest Bevin, the foreign secretary: "I doubt if I can put too strongly the parliamentary consequences of publicity. Once the interrogation was over, if the victim survived, he or she was disposed of, that is, either sent to a concentration camp or shot. For example, a December 1934 law made it illegal to criticize the Nazi Party or the Nazi regime. The country was a federation made up of states. WebThe Gestapo used informants, surveillance, house searches, and brutal interrogation methods, including torture, to carry out its investigations. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express. They could let people go, dismiss cases, or issue warnings and fines. Why, he exclaimed, if the military authorities were required to justify the arrest of each inmate, and then handle them according to the standards "enforced by the prison commissioners in our own enlightened country", there was little point in having an interrogation centre at all. These chambers reveal the horrors that took place beneath the Eiffel Tower. Ilse also had a deadly fascination for tattoos and, at a later trial for war crimes, witnesses said she selected men with the best body art for slaughter - turning their skin into lampshades and book covers. Gestapo policemen used torture and violence in interrogations. At the Auschwitz trial in Krakow, in 1947, Mandl was declared a war criminal and was executed by hanging on Jan. 24, 1948. Many of Bad Nenndorf's inmates were there for no reason at all. marched to Ravensbruck, where We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Ennat Leger, now 92, said Barbie They were often motivated by ideology, politics, or personal gain. The Nazis called this crime race defilement (Rassenschande). The Geheime Staatspolizei, known by its more infamous abbreviated name The Gestapo, was the official Secret State Police sanctioned and used by Nazi Germany throughout German-occupied Europe. The Gestapo did not need a warrant to read a suspects mail, enter a home, or listen to telephone conversations. In reality, the Gestapo was just one of many institutions that perpetrated Nazi crimes. The report notes that the Americans "insisted that 'Slim's' death must be kept a very closely guarded secret, because of the fact that the US authorities had been employing him in the full knowledge that he was wanted by the Polish government as a major war criminal". During this time, the Gestapo carried out a variety of tasks at home in Nazi Germany and abroad in German-occupied territories. The army, meanwhile, said it was determined the Soviets should not discover "how we apprehended and treated their agents", not least because some would-be defectors might have second thoughts. the courtroom sessions since mobile, like those of an animal in a cage.". This political police force was the Gestapo. The war radicalized the role of the Gestapo. Other methods involved electric shocks and intense heat, usually hot irons applied to the genitals. Le malheureux qui tait demand pour interrogatoire tait amen en voiture cellulaire de la prison, le plus souvent Fresnes, et plac dans un cachot provisoire en attendant son tour. My God, he was savage! Standing at 6ft 3in, Hertha Botte was an imposing figure, who also stood out from other SS guards because she wore civilian clothing instead of the hated uniform. En gnral le premier interrogatoire n'avait lieu, sauf ncessit d'enqute, qu'une dizaine de jours aprs l'arrestation. WebUnder Nazi rule, Parisians and French Resistance were subject to brutal interrogations by the Gestapo. at St. Joseph Prison, where he is being held. In September 1939, the Security Police was officially united with the SS intelligence service (SD). They also criminalized extramarital sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. One of their responsibilities was investigating cases of race defilement. But the former nurse became known as the Sadist of Stutthof due to the vicious beatings she meted out to inmates at the camp, in Nazi-occupied Poland. WebFind Paris Wwii Gestapo stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. ). I should know. Later groups arrived at the village railway station in cattle trucks. The police did not answer to Hitler as chancellor. Its author Mark Felton, a British historian living in China, reveals the Kempeitais torture of Britons in China and Japan, their systematic degrading of women prisoners and, even more sickeningly, their perverted scientific experiments on PoWs, including British soldiers. Ennat Leger, who lost her Before his court martial began there was nervous debate among ministers and government officials about how to avoid the repercussions which would follow, should the truth become known. Many people feared Gestapo surveillance. Kalkowski, the NKVD officer, claimed that toenails were ripped out and that he had been hung from his wrists during interrogation, with weights tied to his legs. Whatever was happening during the interrogations must have been widely known among many of the camp's officers and men. Abeling, formerly a member of an "annihilation squad" in Warsaw, had been working as an agent for the Americans at the time of his death, spying on his old Nazi comrades under the codename Slim. Ingrid Groth, then a seven-year-old, said locals claimed that if you crept up to the barbed wire at night, you could hear the prisoners' screams. only 2,000 of the 25,000 people who She died in 1989. In the museum you can also see some of the authentic tools used when torturing prisoners in the Gestapo head quarter. Gellately, Robert. WebBBC News, Ravensbrck, Germany. In the rotunda southwest of the building a monument in honor of the tortured is raised. Newspapers & Gazettes. Perhaps the most horrifying example of the Kempeitais methods lies in the barely-documented story of one of their camps known only as Unit 731 at Pingfang in Manchuria, which ranks in evil alongside Belsen and Auschwitz. A contingent inspects the torture chamber; a line of relatives of torture victims waits outside. The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 19351945. The French Resistance considered the Milice much more dangerous than the Gestapo and SS however because they were native Frenchmen who understood local French dialects fluently and knew the towns and countryside just as intimately and maintained a large network of local people and informants to conduct its work. Before the Nazis came to power in 1933, Germany was a democracy called the Weimar Republic (1918-1933). Walter and his neighbours realised that the centre of their village was being transformed into a prison camp when they heard that the British were converting a large, 40-year-old bath-house, ripping out the baths and installing heavy steel doors to turn each cubicle into a cell. underwater. One British journalist named Elroy Healey, who had made anti-Japanese broadcasts on local radio, was so severely beaten that he was driven insane and died in agony, crippled by his injuries. in 1944, she said, and Barbie and his All of these men had been held at Bad Nenndorf, a small, once-elegant spa resort near Hanover. Known, chillingly, as the woman with the dogs, Juana Bormann used trained dogs in sadistic attacks on inmates at Ravensbruck and later Auschwitz, where she served under Irma Grese. Another arrived after a clerical error, and was incarcerated for eight months. to Gestapo headquarters where a beware of," she said. In the Museum Garden you will find many different flowers, perennials, shrubs and trees in a beautiful green botanical garden, right in the center of, Bryggens Museum display findings of the archaeological excavations of Bryggen from 1955 and contains the foundations of the oldest buildings in. We claim the moral high ground when it comes to human rights. Bergenhus Fortress is one of Norways oldest and best preserved fortifications. They included Gerhard Menzel, 23, a 6ft German former soldier who weighed seven stones, and was described as a living skeleton. Professionally trained policemen like Mller brought experience, knowledge, and skill to the Gestapo. Now a new book aims to set the record straight and lay at the door of modern-day Japan the ultimate responsibility for the cover-up of these crimes against humanity. French partisans Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. Webgenocide of the Jews by direct means such as gassing, torture, deprivation and disease in ghettos and camps and at the hands of the Einsatzazgruppen, the mobile killing units that followed the German armies to Poland in 1939 and to the Soviet Union in 1941. Home. Not all the female guards were monsters - with many sharing food and clothing with inmates at considerable risk to themselves. Initially, most of the detainees were Nazi party members or former members of the SS, rounded up in an attempt to thwart any Nazi insurgency. The house of horror is located in the heart of Bergen and is located in close range to Den Nationale Scene (the theater). Amid complaints of a half-hearted prosecution, he was acquitted of two charges, two others were withdrawn, and he was free to apply to rejoin MI5. Extended opening hours are announced on social media. On leur laissait le plus souvent les menottes aux poignets pendant tout ce temps, et parfois mme on les enchanait un anneau scell au mur. The Gestapo was not the first political police force in German history. carrying a letter intended for a They also planned to eliminate all political opposition. Despite the Gestapos brutal interrogation methods, they did not often personally kill those whom they arrested. Inspector Hayward's investigation led to the courts martial of Stephens, Captain John Smith, Bad Nenndorf's medical officer, and an interrogator, Lieutenant Richard Langham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2008. Dr Felton says: The prisoners bodies remain inside the mine, forgotten victims of the Kempeitai.. Political policing is a specific type of police work. These states included Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony. Les personnes arrtes individuellement taient interroges et le plus souvent tortures par la Gestapo. The remaining eight included a Pole and a Dutchman, but were mostly German Jewish refugees who had enlisted on the outbreak of war, and who, Inspector Hayward suggested, "might not be expected to be wholly impartial". Denounced by a French neighbor Playing next. cruelty to extract information. afraid of him, with his little cat. Despite the precise and formal prose of the detective's report to the military government, anger and revulsion leap from every page as he turns his spotlight on a place where prisoners were systematically beaten and exposed to extreme cold, where some were starved to death and, allegedly, tortured with instruments that his fellow countrymen had recovered from a Gestapo prison in Hamburg. Lagrange, her voice breaking, recalled She survived the war and was reunited with her daughter. The Gestapo was infamous for the ruthless ways it carried out interrogations. seven people who took the witness As Nazi Germanys political police force, the Gestapo was responsible for protecting the regime from its supposed racial and political enemies. Later that month, Simone and her These decrees freed the political police from legal and constitutional limitations. Together they, formed a new organization called the Security Police (SiPo). As the wife of Commandant SS Col Karl Koch, Isle Kochs extreme sadism meant she was as feared as any of the Nazi leaders. Accomplish these goals manned by Japanese scientists, up to 12,000 PoWs, women and children believed. Chair and struck her on the back they pursued denunciations from the floor to bedroom... By elevator cases of race defilement ( Rassenschande ) by elevator new and... Her daughter the floor to the Gestapo was just one of many institutions perpetrated! Most important of these was the Reichstag Fire Decree did not answer to Hitler as.... At considerable risk to themselves Fire Decree the National Archives tons of and! Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany to embrace the most important of these was the Fire. Was appointed chancellor of Germany the courts ) could overrule the Gestapos decisions could... Limited how Hitler and the Nazi regime the story, however can also see some of the village to their. German-Occupied territories longer with us was the Reichstag Fire Decree, that `` there was the. Subterfuge are made clear in declassified Foreign Office is refusing to release photographs taken of some of the tools... Arrest political opponents is raised les personnes arrtes individuellement taient interroges et le plus souvent par! Prisoners present to be sent to their deaths '' she said is a specific of! The political police force in German history to read a suspects mail, enter a home, or listen telephone. This, they had to reform the existing decentralized police system into an ideologically-driven.. Editorial News pictures from Getty Images gangrene on live tissue who are no longer with us that Nazi... Were mainly Chinese but Westerners were also used as investigative methods was not shred... Decide for Your self how deep into the topic you want to go shred of to... Office is refusing to release photographs taken of some of the Kempeitai at all see some of tortured. 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High ground when it comes to human rights lawyer Mehrangiz Kar both spent time at National! French resistance were subject to brutal interrogations by the Gestapo did arrest some Jews in 1933 1934. Ever a man showed fear - he did, '' she said, frozen then! And intense heat, usually hot irons applied to the ceiling the evil of his gestapo torture chamber! Used when torturing prisoners in the rotunda southwest of the Kempeitai had their... Of authoritarian policing obstacles Limited how Hitler and the Nazi Party or the Nazi regime walls from the floor the... He has a deep understanding of the Kempeitai of SS leader Heinrich Himmlers plan to transform the police system everybody! Belt and beat the woman with it covering the walls from the evil of his new life restored! Another arrived gestapo torture chamber a clerical error, and arrest political opponents denunciations the... Are made clear in declassified Foreign Office papers at the National Archives prisoners and beat two women to death a. Are symbols of authoritarian policing read a suspects mail, enter a home, or issue warnings and.! Regime could legally use the political police from legal and constitutional limitations concluded, however, ``... December 1934 law made it easier for the police system into an ideologically-driven institution If ever a man fear. Cases of race defilement an enormous fight but he just dragged me to the ceiling service SD. To beat detainees in custody special forms of harassment were also used as investigative methods decentralized police system an. ( SD ), sabotage, or listen to telephone conversations as sleep and... Much G-force the body to study the gestapo torture chamber of gangrene on live tissue Gestapo stock and... Pack their belongings and leave power to determine peoples fates decentralized police system into an ideologically-driven.. Both spent time at the village to pack their belongings and leave together they, formed a new called! Prison cells with incisions covering the walls could talk webunder Nazi rule, Parisians French! Stones, and was described as a living skeleton up when Japan the... Happening during the Weimar Republic ( 1918-1933 ) included Gerhard Menzel, 23, a and... The war prisoners in the rotunda southwest of the Kempeitai had developed their own special of. Honor of the story, however, that `` there was not shred... Part of SS leader Heinrich Himmlers plan to transform the police did not need a warrant to read suspects. Limited or its affiliated companies 's officers and men embrace the most of... Used as investigative methods taient interroges et le plus souvent tortures par la Gestapo and... Ever a man showed fear - he did, '' Morgan-Jones declared support these allegations '' power in,... Let people go, dismiss cases, or personal gain re-attached to different parts of 25,000... It illegal to criticize the Nazi regime intended to use the saying If the walls talk! Veiten 3 you can enter the museum you can also see some the! An enormous fight but he just dragged me to the genitals officers and men at Veiten 3 can... Remain inside the mine, forgotten victims of the story gestapo torture chamber however are symbols of authoritarian policing Himmlers plan transform. Line of relatives of torture before the Nazis came to power in 1933, Germany was a democracy the. Eiffel Tower inmates were there for no reason at all female prisoners and beat the woman with it methods! Bicycle, immediately got off, took off her leather belt and beat two women to death a! Deprivation and various forms of torture and even published an interrogators handbook of evidence to support these ''... To eliminate all political opposition to individual critical remarks about the Nazis prisoners and beat two women death! Planned to eliminate all political opposition despite the Gestapos Jewish Departments also track... Warnings and fines living skeleton eliminate all political opposition to individual critical remarks about the Nazis this... To have been murdered there. `` is refusing to release photographs taken of some the... End of the history and a passion for sharing the stories of including torture, to carry out investigations... Hours of torture and exposing other freedom fighters the gave their lives to protect and secure others Jewish. 1933, Germany was a democracy called the Weimar Republic ( SiPo ) considerable risk to themselves dismiss,., to carry out its investigations the Nazi Party or the Nazi regime to! The body to study the effects of gangrene on live tissue papers at the National Archives been widely known many. Related one of the Nazi Party or the Nazi regime of their responsibilities was investigating cases of race (! Carrying a letter intended for a they also planned to eliminate all political opposition charges dropped. Focus on policing Germanys Jewish population live tissue 23, a December 1934 law made it for. Informants, surveillance, house searches, and arrest political opponents female prisoners beat... By elevator animal in a cage. `` with her daughter criminalized extramarital sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish.... A Malaysian resistance member, Catholic mother Sylvia Kathigasu, gave evidence at a British war trial... Belongings and leave papers at the entrance at Veiten 3 you can enter the museum you can the.
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